Hypnotic
drugs, including benzodiazepine receptor ligands, barbiturates, antihistamines, and melatonin receptor ligands, are useful in treating insomnia, but clinicians should consider the relative abuse liability of these drugs when prescribing them. Two types of problematic hypnotic self-administration are distinguished. First, recreational abuse occurs when medications are used purposefully for the subjective "high." This type of abuse usually occurs in polydrug abusers, who are most often young and male. Second, chronic quasi-therapeutic abuse is a problematic use of hypnotic drugs in which patients continue long-term use despite medical recommendations to the contrary. Relative abuse liability is defined as an interaction between the relative reinforcing effects (i.e., the capacity to maintain drug self-administration behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of nonmedical problematic use) and the relative toxicity (i.e., adverse effects having the capacity to harm the individual and/or society). An algorithm is provided that differentiates relative likelihood of abuse and relative toxicity of 19 hypnotic compounds: pentobarbital, methaqualone, diazepam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate, also known as sodium oxybate), temazepam, zaleplon, eszopiclone, triazolam, zopiclone, flurazepam, zolpidem, oxazepam, estazolam, diphenhydramine, quazepam, tra-zodone, and ramelteon. Factors in the analysis include preclinical and clinical assessment of reinforcing effects, preclinical and clinical assessment of withdrawal, actual abuse, acute sedation/memory impairment, and overdose lethality. The analysis shows that both the likelihood of abuse and the toxicity vary from high to none across these compounds. The primary clinical implication of the range of differences in abuse liability is that concern about recreational abuse, inappropriate long-term use, or adverse effects should not deter physicians from prescribing hypnotics when clinically indicated.
Diazepam
Sedatives
Triazolam
Ramelteon
Adinazolam
Temazepam
Clonazepam
Valium advert
Benzodiazepine abuse
Diazepam v oxazepam
Lorazepam v alprazolam
Benzodiazepines ligands
Quazepam (Doral, Dormalin)
Benzodiazepine antagonists
Benzodiazepine dependence
'The Drug That Tames Tigers'
Sleep dysfunction and psychiatric illness
It is no secret that I have a very deep and personal relationship with God.
ReplyDeleteI have pushed and resisted that relationship this past year through all the
bullshit I have had to go through living with Herpes but once again, God is
bigger than my stubbornness and broke through that outbreak cold sore and
all I had Genital Herpes. For me personally, hearing over and over how I am
not good enough has really invaded my mind in the worst way possible. I
completely shut down and I was just waking up like is this how life going
to end this temporary herpes outbreak “fuck everybody with herpes if you
know what I mean” but let's be honest here...
It is a cowardly to say no to herbal medicine. It is fear based. And it is
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to today I feel like no one will ever convince me about herbal medicine I
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Holding back will get you nowhere...maybe a one way ticket to lonelyville
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starting to grasp this one.